What is glucose ...?
Glucose, a monosaccharide sugar, is one of the most important carbohydrate used as a source of energy for animals and plants. Glucose is one of the main result of photosynthesis and the beginning of respiration. Natural form (D-glucose) is also called dextrose, especially in the food industry.
Glucose metabolism is the center of all. Glucose is a universal fuel for human cells and is a source of carbon for the synthesis of most of the other compounds. All types of human cells use glucose for energy. Other
sugars in the diet (especially fructose and gataktosa) is converted
into glucose or intermediate in the metabolism of glucose.
Glucose is a precursor for the synthesis of a variety of other sugars required for the formation of specific compounds, such as lactose, a cell surface antigen, nucleotides, or glycosaminoglycans. Glucose is also an essential precursor to the compound nonkarbohidrat; glucose can be converted into fat (including fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones), amino acids, and nucleic acids. In the human body, only the compounds synthesized from vitamins, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids that can not be synthesized from glucose.
More than 50% of calories in the daily diet in the United States obtained from starch, sucrose, and lactose. Carbohydrate foods are converted into glucose, galactose, and fructose in the digestive tract. Monosaccharides are absorbed from the gut into the blood, and migrate to tissues where the substance is metabolized.
Once taken into the cells, glucose has phosphorylation by a hexokinase to glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose 6-phosphate can then be entered into a number of metabolic pathways. Three pathways are common to all types of cells is glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen synthesis. In the network, fructose and gataktosa converted to intermediates of glucose metabolism. Thus, the fate of these sugars parallel to the fate suffered by glucose.
Major fate of glucose 6-phosphate is the oxidation through the glycolytic pathway, which is a source of ATP for all types of cells. Cells that do not have mitochondria can not oxidize other fuels. These cells produce ATP from anaerobic glycolysis (glucose to lactate changes). Cells that have mitochondria oxidize glucose to CO2 and H2O through glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Most of the network, such as the brain, depending on the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O for the supply of energy because the network capacity is limited use of other fuels.
Glucose produces intermediates in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle that is used for the synthesis of amino acids and glycerol and fatty acid groups on triacylglycerol.
The fate of glucose 6-phosphate is another important oxidation through the pentose phosphate, which produces NADPH. Equivalent reduction in NADPH is used for biosynthetic reactions and to prevent oxidative damage to cells. In this pathway, the oxidative decarboxylation of glucose had a 5-carbon sugar (pentose), which can re-enter the glycolytic pathway. Sugars can also be used for the synthesis of nucleotides.
Glucose 6-phosphate is also converted into UDP-glucose, which has many functions in the cell. The main fate of UDP-glucose is glycogen synthesis, the polymer to store glucose. Although most cells have glycogen as a supplier of glucose in an emergency, but the largest deposits in the muscle and liver. Muscle glycogen is used to produce ATP during muscle contraction. Liver glycogen is used to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting and exercise or when the need arises. UDP-Glucose is also used to form another sugar, galactose and glucose and can be exchanged while bound to the UDP. UDP-galactose is used for the synthesis of lactose in the mammary gland. In the liver, UDP-glucose is oxidized to UDP-glucuronide, which is used to convert bilirubin and other toxic compounds into glucuronide for excretion.
Sugar nucleotides are also used for the synthesis of proteoglycans, glycoproteins. and glycolipids. Proteoglycans is the major carbohydrate component of the extracellular matrix, cartilage, and extracellular fluid (eg synovial joint fluid). Most of the extracellular proteins are glycoproteins, namely, extracellular protein covalently attached to carbohydrate. Glycolipids and glycoproteins to the cell membrane, the carbohydrate extends into the extracellular space.
All cells have glucose with unceasing; body maintain blood glucose levels in a constant (approximately 80-100 mg / dL), although the food supply and network needs change as we sleep, eat, and work. This process is called glucose homeostasis. Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) prevented the release of glucose from liver glycogen stores are large (glycogenolysis); through the synthesis of glucose from lactate, glycerol, and amino acids in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and through the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue stores (lipolysis) as an alternative fuel when glucose supply is inadequate. Blood glucose levels in the high (hyperglycemia) is prevented by changes in glucose into glycogen and changes in glucose into triacylglycerol in the liver. Thus, the pathway of glucose as fuel usage can not be considered completely separate from the pathways involving the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids.
Balance between networks in use and store glucose during fasting and feeding is mainly done through the work-metabolic homeostasis hormone insulin and glucagon. However, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other hormones also play a role in the adjustment of supply and demand across the network in response to changes in physiological status.
Article source:Medical biochemical basis by a Clinical
Glucose is a precursor for the synthesis of a variety of other sugars required for the formation of specific compounds, such as lactose, a cell surface antigen, nucleotides, or glycosaminoglycans. Glucose is also an essential precursor to the compound nonkarbohidrat; glucose can be converted into fat (including fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones), amino acids, and nucleic acids. In the human body, only the compounds synthesized from vitamins, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids that can not be synthesized from glucose.
More than 50% of calories in the daily diet in the United States obtained from starch, sucrose, and lactose. Carbohydrate foods are converted into glucose, galactose, and fructose in the digestive tract. Monosaccharides are absorbed from the gut into the blood, and migrate to tissues where the substance is metabolized.
Once taken into the cells, glucose has phosphorylation by a hexokinase to glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose 6-phosphate can then be entered into a number of metabolic pathways. Three pathways are common to all types of cells is glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen synthesis. In the network, fructose and gataktosa converted to intermediates of glucose metabolism. Thus, the fate of these sugars parallel to the fate suffered by glucose.
Major fate of glucose 6-phosphate is the oxidation through the glycolytic pathway, which is a source of ATP for all types of cells. Cells that do not have mitochondria can not oxidize other fuels. These cells produce ATP from anaerobic glycolysis (glucose to lactate changes). Cells that have mitochondria oxidize glucose to CO2 and H2O through glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Most of the network, such as the brain, depending on the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O for the supply of energy because the network capacity is limited use of other fuels.
Glucose produces intermediates in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle that is used for the synthesis of amino acids and glycerol and fatty acid groups on triacylglycerol.
The fate of glucose 6-phosphate is another important oxidation through the pentose phosphate, which produces NADPH. Equivalent reduction in NADPH is used for biosynthetic reactions and to prevent oxidative damage to cells. In this pathway, the oxidative decarboxylation of glucose had a 5-carbon sugar (pentose), which can re-enter the glycolytic pathway. Sugars can also be used for the synthesis of nucleotides.
Glucose 6-phosphate is also converted into UDP-glucose, which has many functions in the cell. The main fate of UDP-glucose is glycogen synthesis, the polymer to store glucose. Although most cells have glycogen as a supplier of glucose in an emergency, but the largest deposits in the muscle and liver. Muscle glycogen is used to produce ATP during muscle contraction. Liver glycogen is used to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting and exercise or when the need arises. UDP-Glucose is also used to form another sugar, galactose and glucose and can be exchanged while bound to the UDP. UDP-galactose is used for the synthesis of lactose in the mammary gland. In the liver, UDP-glucose is oxidized to UDP-glucuronide, which is used to convert bilirubin and other toxic compounds into glucuronide for excretion.
Sugar nucleotides are also used for the synthesis of proteoglycans, glycoproteins. and glycolipids. Proteoglycans is the major carbohydrate component of the extracellular matrix, cartilage, and extracellular fluid (eg synovial joint fluid). Most of the extracellular proteins are glycoproteins, namely, extracellular protein covalently attached to carbohydrate. Glycolipids and glycoproteins to the cell membrane, the carbohydrate extends into the extracellular space.
All cells have glucose with unceasing; body maintain blood glucose levels in a constant (approximately 80-100 mg / dL), although the food supply and network needs change as we sleep, eat, and work. This process is called glucose homeostasis. Low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) prevented the release of glucose from liver glycogen stores are large (glycogenolysis); through the synthesis of glucose from lactate, glycerol, and amino acids in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and through the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue stores (lipolysis) as an alternative fuel when glucose supply is inadequate. Blood glucose levels in the high (hyperglycemia) is prevented by changes in glucose into glycogen and changes in glucose into triacylglycerol in the liver. Thus, the pathway of glucose as fuel usage can not be considered completely separate from the pathways involving the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids.
Balance between networks in use and store glucose during fasting and feeding is mainly done through the work-metabolic homeostasis hormone insulin and glucagon. However, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other hormones also play a role in the adjustment of supply and demand across the network in response to changes in physiological status.
Article source:Medical biochemical basis by a Clinical
Related Cloud Post:
glucose formula, formula for
glucose, glucose molecular formula, chemical formula of glucose,
chemical formula for glucose, glucose equation, glucose chemical
formula, structural formula for glucose, glucose, glucose support
formula, carbohydrates, wsn glucose support formula, glucose tolerance
test, formula glucose, fasting glucose, glucose serum, glucose meter,
glucose fasting, glucose monitor, glucose intolerance, high glucose
levels, high glucose, glucose structural formula, blood sugar levels,
blood glucose levels, blood sugar chart, molecular formula for glucose,
what is glucose, metabolic glucose formula, serum glucose, glucose
levels chart, blood sugar, low glucose, fasting glucose levels, glucose
gel, elevated glucose impaired glucose tolerance, glucose readings,
glucose serum levels, molecular formula of glucose, glucose formula
weight, chemical formula glucose, formula of glucose, high glucose
symptoms, glucose tolerance, glucose reading, writing chemical
equations, low glucose levels, glucose levels normal, how to lower
glucose levels, non-fasting glucose normal range, blood sugars, chemical
formula for fructose, what does high glucose mean, what is blood sugar,
high glucose serum, example of a carbohydrate, starch formula,
estimated average glucose formula, high glucose causes, glucose fasting
levels, jarrow formulas glucose optimizer, molecular formula glucose,
chemical formula of fructose, carbohydrates blood sugar, glucose
chemistry formula, chemical formula fructose, what is good blood sugar,
glucose is a carbohydrate, blood sugar in the, an example of a
carbohydrate, the chemical formula for glucose, blood sugar in, glucose
utilization rate formula, mean blood glucose calculation, scientific
formula for glucose, structural formula of glucose and fructose, sugar
and blood, sugars in carbohydrates, whats is carbohydrates, blood sugar
6,
